PH-dependent controlled release pharmaceutical composition for non-opioids with resistance against the influence of ethanol

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a pH-dependent controlled release pharmaceutical composition, comprising at least one pharmaceutical active ingredient, with the exception of opioids, wherein the core is coated at least by one coating layer, controlling the release of the pharmaceutical composition, wherein the coating layer comprises a polymer mixture of i) 40-95% by weight, based on dry weight of the polymer mixture, of at least one water insoluble essentially neutral vinyl polymer or copolymer, and ii) 5-60% by weight, based on dry weight of the polymer mixture, of at least one anionic polymer or copolymer, which is insoluble in a buffered medium below pH 4.0 and soluble at least in the range from pH 7.0 to pH 8.0, characterized in that the coating layer further comprises 110 to 250% by weight of a non-porous inert lubricant, 1 to 35% by weight of at least one neutral cellulosic compound and 1 to 25% by weight of at least one emulsifier, each calculated on dry weight of the polymer mixture.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a pH-dependent controlled release pharmaceutical composition for drugs that are not opioids with decreased susceptibility to the influence of ethanol on the release of active compound.

TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

US 2003/0118641 A1 describes a procedure for reducing the abuse potential of oral pharmaceutical forms which contain extractable opioids. In this procedure, resistance to active compound extraction by means of customary domestic solvents, such as isopropyl alcohol, vodka, white wine vinegar, hot water or peroxides, 0.01 HCl in diluted alcohol, should in particular be brought about. It is proposed to formulate the active compound with a matrix-forming polymer and an ion exchange material, e.g. styrene-divinylbenzene polymers, in micronized form. The ion exchange material is crucial for the function of increased resistance to active compound extraction. The matrix-forming polymer obviously serves as a structure-imparting agent for the pharmaceutical core. A long list of possible substances is specified for the matrix-forming polymers, which among many other substances also comprises polymethacrylates. Preferred matrix-forming agents are C₁-C₆-hydroxyalkyl-celluloses.

US 2004/0052731 A1 describes a pharmaceutical form, in particular suitable for opioid active compounds, which should contribute to the reduction of the abuse potential as a result of improper administration. It is proposed to combine a lipophilic active compound variant with a water-insoluble additive, such as, for example, a fatty acid or crosslinked water-soluble polysaccharides.

US 2005/0163856 A1 describes a therapeutic procedure for the treatment of patients suffering from pain with an oxycodone-containing pharmaceutical form having reduced abuse potential as a result of dissolution in a solvent and subsequent improper administration. To this end, the active compound should be formulated with a matrix-forming polymer selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl-cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose or hydroxyethylcellulose.

WO 2006/002884 A1 describes oral administration forms safeguarded against abuse, which contain a polymer, in particular a polyalkylene oxide, having a fracture resistance of at least 500 N.

WO 2006/094083 A1 describes a pharmaceutical form having controlled venlafaxine release characteristics. For the reduction of the abuse potential by addition of ethanol, the active compound is integrated into a matrix of a gelling, crosslinked polymer, e.g. xanthan. Further hydrophobic polymers, inter alia also poly-methacrylates, can be added as additives.

WO 2006/125483 describes the use of a polymer mixture for the production of coated pharmaceutical formulations and pharmaceutical formulations with mixed polymer coatings. The polymer mixtures are intended to provide modified release profiles, tailor made for the certain therapeutically requirements of different pharmaceutical ingredients, which cannot be achieved by using standard polymers. There is no indication about ethanol resistant pharmaceutical forms. In the examples pharmaceutical forms coated with mixtures of Eudragit® NE and Eudragit® FS at ratios from 5 to 50% by weight of Eudragit® FS are described. However no talcum is used in the examples or recommended in the description at high amounts as used in the present invention. The suitable thickness of the coatings from 2-20% by weight, based on the weight of the core, is much lower than those thicknesses required for the present invention.

WO 1994/0022431 A1 describes an oral pharmaceutical preparation containing a therapeutically effective amount of morphine for administration. It consists of at least 50 individual particles with an individual particle size in the range of 0.7 to 1.4 mm. Each particle has a core containing a salt of morphine coated with a barrier layer. The barrier layer contains at least one water insoluble component selected from the group of ethyl cellulose, copolymers synthesized from acrylic or methacrylic esters and natural waxes, and a plasticizer, for providing drug release through the coating barrier layer which is substantially independent of pH in the range of 1.0 to 7.0. The resulting serum concentration of morphine obtained is at least 50% of the maximum serum concentration during at least 12 hours after the administration of a single dose of said preparation.

US 2007/053698 discloses methods of sustained release administration of opioids, including but not limited to hydromorphone and oxycodone, that exhibit improved properties with respect to co-ingestion with aqueous alcohol.

DEFINITIONS

A pH-Dependent Controlled Release Pharmaceutical Composition

A pH-dependent controlled release pharmaceutical composition means a pharmaceutical composition including a pharmaceutical ingredient which is formulated with pharmaceutically acceptable film forming polymers and optionally with other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, where the pharmaceutical composition shows a pH-dependent controlled release of the pharmaceutical ingredient.

Pharmaceutical Active Ingredients With the Exception of Opioids

The pH-dependent controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprises a core, comprising at least one pharmaceutical active ingredient, with the exception of opioids. Pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more opioids (opioid agonists) are explicitly excluded from the present invention.

Preferred are pharmaceutical active ingredients which are usually formulated in controlled release dosage forms or sustained release forms.

A suitable pharmaceutical active ingredient is for instance metoprolol.

Medicinal substances in use can be found in reference works such as, for example, the Rote Liste or the Merck Index.

The active components or medicinal substances employed for the purposes of the invention are intended to be used on or in the human or animal body in order

1. to cure, to alleviate, to prevent or to diagnose disorders, conditions, physical damage or pathological symptoms;

2. to reveal the condition, the status or the functions of the body or mental states;

3. to replace active substances or body fluids produced by the human or animal body;

4. to ward off, to eliminate or to render harmless pathogens, parasites or exogenous substances, or

5. to influence the condition, the status or the functions of the body or mental states.

These pharmaceutically active substances may belong to one or more active ingredient classes such as ACE inhibitors, adrenergics, adrenocorticosteroids, acne therapeutic agents, aldose reductase inhibitors, aldosterone antagonists, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, alpha 1 antagonists, remedies for alcohol abuse, amino acids, amoebicides, anabolics, analeptics, anaesthetic additions, anaesthetics (non-inhalational), anaesthetics (local), analgesics respectively analgetics (with the exception of opioids), androgens, angina therapeutic agents, antagonists, antiallergics, antiallergics such as PDE inhibitors, antiallergics for asthma treatment, further antiallergics (e.g. leukotriene antagonists, antianaemics, antiandrogens, antianxiolytics, antiarthritics, antiarrhythmics, antiatheriosclerotics, antibiotics, anticholinergics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, antidiabetics, antidiarrhoeals, antidiuretics, antidotes, antiemetics, antiepileptics, antifibrinolytics, antiepileptics, antihelmintics, antihistamines, antihypotensives, antihypertensives, antihypertensives, antihypotensives, anticoagulants, antimycotics, antiestrogens, antiestrogens (non-steroidal), antiparkinson agents, antiinflammatory agents, antiproliferative active ingredients, antiprotozoal active ingredients, antirheumatics, antischistosomicides, antispasmolytics, antithrombotics, antitussives, appetite suppressants, arteriosclerosis remedies, bacteriostatics, beta-blockers, beta-receptor blockers, bronchodilators, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, chemotherapeutic agents, choleretics, cholinergics, cholinergic agonists, cholinesterase inhibitors, agents for the treatment of ulcerative colitis, cyclooxygenaze inhibitors diuretics, ectoparasiticides, emetics, enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, enzyme inhibitors, active ingredients to counter vomiting, fibrinolytics, fungistatics, gout remedies, glaucoma therapeutic agents, glucocorticoids, glucocorticosteroids, haemostatics, cardiac glycosides, histamine H2 antagonists, hormones and their inhibitors, immunotherapeutic agents, cardiotonics, coccidiostats, laxatives, lipid-lowering agents, gastrointestinal therapeutic agents, malaria therapeutic agents, migraine remedies, microbiocides, Crohn's disease, metastasis inhibitors, migraine remedies, mineral preparations, motility-increasing active ingredients, muscle relaxants, neuroleptics, active ingredients for treatment of estrogens, osteoporosis, otologicals, antiparkinson agents, phytopharmaceuticals, proton pump inhibitors, prostaglandins, active ingredients for treating benign prostate hyperblasia, active ingredients for treating pruritus, psoriasis active ingredients, psychoactive drugs, free-radical scavengers, renin antagonists, thyroid therapeutic agents, active ingredients for treating seborrhoea, active ingredients to counter seasickness, spasmolytics, alpha- and beta-sympathomimetics, platelet aggregation inhibitors, tranquilizers, ulcer therapeutic agents, further ulcer therapeutic agents, agents for the treatment of urolithiasis, virustatics, vitamins, cytokines, active ingredients for combination therapy with cytostatics.

Examples of suitable active components except for opioids are for instance acarbose, acetylsalicylic acid, abacavir, aceclofenac, aclarubicin, acyclovir, actinomycin, adalimumab, adefovir, adefovirdipivoxil, adenosylmethionine, adrenaline and adrenaline derivatives, agalsidase alpha, agalsidase beta, alemtuzumab, almotriptan, alphacept, allopurinol, almotriptan, alosetron, alprostadil, amantadine, ambroxol, amisulpride, amlodipine, amoxicillin, 5 aminosalicylic acid, amitriptyline, amlodipine, amoxicillin, amprenavir, anakinra, anastrozole, androgen and androgen derivatives, apomorphine, aripiprazole, arsenic trioxide, artemether, atenolol, atorvastatin, atosiban, azathioprine, azelaic acid, barbituric acid derivatives, balsalazide, basiliximab, beclapermin, beclomethasone, bemiparin, benzodiazepines, betahistine, bexaroten, bezafibrate, bicalutamide, bimatoprost, bosentan, botulinus toxim, brimonidine, brinzolamide, budesonide, budipine, bufexamac, bumetanide, bupropion, butizine, calcitonin, calcium antagonists, calcium salts, candesartan, capecitabine, captopril, carbamazepine, carifenacin, carvedilol, caspofungin, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefalexin cefalosporins, cefditoren, cefprozil, celecoxib, cepecitabine, cerivastatim, cetirizine, cetrorelix, cetuximab, chenodeoxycholic acid, chorionic gonadotropin, ciclosporin, cidofovir, cimetidine, ciprofloxacin, cisplatin, cladribine, clarithromycin, clavulanic acid, clindamycin, clobutinol, clonidine, clopidogrel, caffeine, colestyramine, cromoglicic acid, cotrimoxazole, coumarin and coumarin derivatives, darbepoetin, cysteamine, cysteine, cytarabine, cyclophosphamide, cyproterone, cytarabine, daclizumab, dalfopristin, danaparoid, dapiprazole, darbepoetin, defepripone, desipramine, desirudin, desloaratadine, desmopressin, desogestrel, desonide, dexibuprofen, dexketoprofen, disoproxil, diazepam and diazepam derivatives, dihydralazine, diltiazem, dimenhydrinate, dimethyl sulphoxide, dimeticon, dipivoxil, dipyridarnoi, dolasetron, domperidone, and domperidane derivatives, donepzil, dopamine, doxazosin, doxorubizin, doxylamine, diclofenac, divalproex, dronabinol, drospirenone, drotrecogin alpha, dutasteride, ebastine, econazole, efavirenz, eletripan, emidastine, emtricitabine, enalapril, encepur, entacapone, enfurvirtide, ephedrine, epinephrine, eplerenone, epoetin and epoetin derivatives, eprosartan, eptifibatide, ertapenem, esomeprazole, estrogen and estrogen derivatives, etanercept, ethenzamide, ethinestradiol, etofenamate, etofibrate, etofylline, etonogestrel, etoposide, exemestan, exetimib, famciclovir, famotidine, faropenan daloxate, felodipine, fenofibrate, fenticonazole, fexofenadine, finasteride, fluconazole, fludarabine, flunarizine, fluorouracil, fluoxetine, flurbiprofen, flupirtine, flutamide, fluvastatin, follitropin, fomivirsen, fondaparinux, formoterol, fosfomicin, frovatriptan, furosemide, fusidic acid, gadobenate, galantamine, gallopamil, ganciclovir, ganirelix, gatifloxacin, gefitinib, gemfibrozil, gentamicin, gepirone, progestogen and progestogen derivatives, ginkgo, glatiramer, glibenclamide, glipizide, glucagon, glucitol and glucitol derivatives, glucosamine and glucosamine derivatives, glycoside antibiotics, glutathione, glycerol and glycerol derivatives, hypothalamus hormones, goserelin, grepafloxacin, gyrase inhibitors, guanethidine, gyrase inhibitors, haemin, halofantrine, haloperidol, urea derivatives as oral antidiabetics, heparin and heparin derivatives, cardiac glycosides, hyaluronic acid, hydralazine, hydrochlorothiazide and hydrochlorothiazide derivatives, hydroxyomeprazole, hydroxyzine, ibritumomab, ibuprofen, idarubicin, ifliximab, ifosfamide, iloprost, imatinib, imidapril, imiglucerase, imipramine, imiquimod, imidapril, indometacin, indoramine, infliximab, insulin, insulin glargin, interferons, irbesartan, irinotecan, isoconazole, isoprenaline, itraconazole, ivabradines, iodine and iodine derivatives, St. John's wort, potassium salts, ketoconazole, ketoprofen, ketotifen, lacidipine, lansoprazole, laronidase, latanoprost, leflunomide, lepirudin, lercanidipine, leteprinim, letrozole, levacetylmethadol, levetiracetam, levocetirizine, levodopa, licofelone, linezolide, lipinavir, lipoic acid and lipoic acid derivatives, lisinopril, lisuride, lofepramine, lodoxamide, lomefloxacin, lomustine, loperamide, lopinavir, loratadine, lornoxicam, losartan, lumefantrine, lutropine, magnesium salts, macrolide antibiotics, mangafodipir, maprotiline, mebendazole, mebeverine, meclozine, mefenamic acid, mefloquine, meloxicam, memantine, mepindolol, meprobamate, meropenem, mesalazine, mesuximide, metamizole, metformin, methotrexate, methyl 5-amino-4-oxopentanoate, methylnaloxone, methylnaloxone, methylnaltrexones, methylphenidate, methylprednisolone, metixen, metoclopramide, metoprolol, metronidazole, mianserin, mibefradil, miconazole, mifepristone, miglitol, miglustad, minocycline, minoxidil, misoprostol, mitomycin, mizolastine, modafinil, moexipril, montelukast, moroctocog, moxifloxacin, ergot alkaloids, naloxone, naproxen, naratriptan, narcotine, natamycin, nateglinide, nebivolol, nefazodone, nelfinavir, neostigmine, neramexan, nevirapine, nicergoline, nicethamide, nifedipine, niflumic acid, nimodipine, nimorazole, nimustine, nesiritide, nisoldipine, norfloxacin, novamine sulphone, noscapine, nystatin, ofloxacin, oktotride, olanzapine, olmesartan, olsalazine, oseltamivir, omeprazole, omoconazole, ondansetron, orlistat, oseltamivir, oxaceprol, oxacillin, oxaliplatin, oxaprozin, oxcarbacepin, oxiconazole, oxymetazoline, palivizumab, palanosetron, pantoprazole, paracetamol, parecoxib, paroxetine, pegaspargase, peginterferon, pegfilgrastrim, penciclovir, oral penicillins, pentifylline, pentoxifylline, peptide antibiotics, perindopril, perphenazine, pethidine, plant extracts, phenazone, pheniramine, phenylbutyric acid, phenytoin, phenothiazines, phenserine, phenylbutazone, phenytoin, pimecrolimus, pimozide, pindolol, pioglitazone, piperazine, piracetam, pirenzepine, piribedil, pirlindol, piroxicam, pramipexol, pramlintide, pravastatin, prazosin, procaine, promazine, propiverine, propranolol, propionic acid derivatives, propyphenazone, prostaglandins, protionamide, proxyphylline, quetiapine, quinapril, quinaprilate, quinupristine, ramipril, ranitidine, rabeprazole, raloxifen, ranolazine, rasburicase, reboxetin, repaclinides, reproterol, reserpine, revofloxacin, ribavirin, rifampicin, riluzoles, rimexolone, risedronate, risperidone, ritonavir, rituximab, rivastimen, risatriptan, rofecoxib, ropinirol, ropivacaine, rosiglitazone, roxatidine, roxithromycin, ruscogenin, rosuvastatin, rutoside and rutoside derivatives, sabadilla, salbutamol, salicylates, salmeterol, saperconazoles, thyroid hormones, scopolamine, selegiline, sertaconazole, sertindole, sertraline, sevelamer, sibutramine, sildenafil, silicates, simvastatin, sirolimus, sitosterol, sotalol, spaglumic acid, sparfloxacin, spectinomycin, spiramycin, spirapril, spironolactone, stavudine, streptomycin, sucralfate, sulbactam, sulphonamides, sulphasalazine, sulpiride, sultamicillin, sultiam, sumatriptan, suxamethonium chloride, tacrine, tacrolimus, tadalafil, taliolol, talsaclidine, tamoxifen, tasonermin, tazarotene, tegafur, tegaserod, telithromycin, telmisartan, temoporfin, temozolomide, tenatoprazole, tenecteplase, teniposide, tenofovir, tenoxicam, teriparatide, terazosin, terbinafine, terbutaline, terfenadine, teriparatide, terlipressin, tertatolol, testosterone and testosterone derivatives, tetracyclines, tetryzoline, tezosentan, theobromine, theophylline, theophylline derivatives, thiamazole, thiotepa, thr. growth factors, tiagabine, tiapride, tibolone, ticlopidine, timolol, tinidazole, tioconazole, tioguanine, tiotropium, tioxolone, tirazetam, tiropramide, trofiban, tizanidine, tolazoline, tolbutamide, tolcapone, tolnaftate, tolperisone, tolterodine, topiramate, topotecan, torasemide, trandolapril, tranylcypromine, trapidil, trastuzumab, travoprost, trazodone, trepostinil, triamcinolone and triamcinolone derivatives, triamterene, trifluperidol, trifluridine, trimetazidines, trimethoprim, trimipramine, tripelennamine, triprolidine, trifosfamide, tromantadine, trometamol, tropalpine, trovafloxacin, troxerutin, tulobuterol, trypsins, tyramine, tyrothricin, urapidil, ursodeoxycholic acid, theophylline ursodeoxycholic acid, valaciclovir, valdecoxib, valganciclovir, valproic acid, valsartan, vancomycin, vardenafil, vecuronium chloride, venlafaxine, verapamil, verteporfin, vidarabine, vigabatrine, viloxazine, vinblastine, vincamine, vincristine, vindesine, vinorelbine, vinpocetine, viquidil, vitamin D and derivatives of vitamin D, voriconazole, warfarin, xantinol nicotinate, ximelagatran, xipamide, zafirlukast, zalcitabine, zaleplon, zanamivir, zidovudine, ziprasidone, zoledronic acid, zolmitriptan, zolpidem, zoplicone, zotepine.

The active components can, if desired, also be used in the form of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts or derivatives, and in the case of chiral active ingredients it is possible to employ both optically active isomers and racemates or mixtures of diastereomers. If desired, the compositions of the invention may also comprise two or more active pharmaceutical ingredients.

pH-Dependent Controlled Release

pH-dependent controlled release of the pharmaceutical ingredient means that when the pharmaceutical composition is exposed in an in-vitro dissolution test to buffered USP media with different pH values of about 1 pH step in the range from about pH 1 to about pH 7, the amount of pharmaceutical ingredient which is released or dissolved in the medium at a certain time interval differs significantly in the media with different pH values.

Buffered USP media with different pH values are known to the person skilled in the art. USP media with different pH values may have pH values for instance of pH 1.2, pH 2.0, pH 5.8, pH 6.8 and pH 7.4. An in-vitro dissolution test may be carried out in an USP dissolution apparatus, for instance apparatus No. II (paddle), 37° C., dissolution agitation 100 rpm, A certain time interval may be for instance 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 hours or even more hours.

The dissolution rate in the media with different pH values differs significantly when tested in media with different pH values pH 1.2, 2.0, 4.5, 6.8 and 7.4.

For illustration, in contrast to the pH-dependent controlled release behaviour of the present invention a typically pH independent controlled release behaviour is shown for instance in WO1994/022431A1 (s. especially p.13, table 5).

Especially the pH release behaviour of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is pH dependent because of its gastric resistance, which means that in an USP medium of pH 1.2 there is no more than 10% of the pharmaceutical ingredient released within 2 hours, while at higher pH values, for instance at pH 7.4, there is significantly more than 10% of the pharmaceutical ingredient released within 2 hours. In contrast the pH independent controlled release form of WO1994/022431A1 (s. p. 13, table 5) may show an identical release rate of 15% after 2 hours in a pH 1.2 or pH 7.4 buffered medium.

Polymer Mixture

The term polymer mixture in the sense of the present invention means the mixture of

-   -   i) 40-95% by weight, based on dry weight of the polymer mixture,         of at least one water insoluble essentially neutral vinyl         polymer or copolymer, and     -   ii) 5-60% by weight, based on dry weight of the polymer mixture,         of at least one anionic polymer or copolymer, which is insoluble         in a buffered medium below pH 4.0 and soluble at least in the         range from pH 7.0 to pH 8.0.

The neutral cellulosic compound, which is also a polymer present in the coating layer, is not calculated as a part of this polymer mixture but calculated separately in relation to the dry weight of this polymer mixture. The emulsifier present in the coating layer is also calculated on basis of the dry weight of the polymer mixture compounds i) and ii) without the neutral cellulosic polymer.

Inert Non-Porous Lubricant

The coating layer may further contain 110 to 250, preferably 140-220% by weight, calculated on dry weight of the polymer mixture, of a non-porous inert lubricant.

Lubricants (sometimes also called glidants) are pharmaceutically acceptable substances which help in preventing agglomeration of polymers during the coating process.

Porous lubricants like silica powders are not suitable for the purposes of the present invention. Porous structures may possibly cause capillary effects that promote the enhanced penetration of the coating by aqueous alcohol (ethanol) containing media respectively aqueous ethanol containing media.

Inert means that the lubricant does normally not chemically interact with other substances and is not soluble or only poorly soluble in water and/or ethanol. Not soluble or only poorly soluble means more than 10 parts by weight of solvent required per 1 part by weight of solute. Furthermore inert non-porous lubricants essentially do not influence the glass transition temperature of the polymer mixture of the coating.

Lubricants like glycerol monostearate (GMS), which can not be applied in sufficient amounts to the coating layer to convey resistance against ethanol containing aqueous media are per se not suitable in the sense of the invention. Thus glycerol monostearate (GMS) is not inert in the sense of the invention.

The non-porous inert lubricant may be a layered silica component, a pigment or a stearate compound.

The inert lubricant may be Ca- or Mg-stearate. The inert lubricant may be TiO₂.

Most preferred is the inert non-porous lubricant talc.

Ethanol Resistant Pharmaceutical Formulations

Ethanol resistant pharmaceutical formulations are formulations with release kinetics not significantly affected in the presence of ethanol. Ethanol resistance may be an important registration requirement in the near future. Conventional pharmaceutical coatings, particularly on pellets, are not sufficiently resistant to alcohol. Surprisingly it was found that coatings combining an insoluble and soluble film former provide a higher resistance to alcohol.

An ethanol resistant or sometimes also called rugged formulation is defined by comparing in-vitro release data from testing at 6.8 pH in alcohol free media and equivalent media containing 40% ethanol (details see attachment) and maintaining a difference in release profiles of less than 15% if the release in alcohol free media is less than 20% of the total dose and a difference of less than 30% difference, if the release of the total dose is between 20% and 80%.

Object and Achievement

The present invention originates from controlled release pharmaceutical forms for oral administration. This type of pharmaceutical form is intended for more or longer-lasting release of active compound, usually during intestinal passage. It is attempted to achieve by means of appropriate formulation of the pharmaceutical form, that, after an initial increase of the concentration of the active compound in the blood level, the blood level shall remain in the therapeutically optimal range as long as possible. Especially too high blood level concentrations of the active compound, which may have toxic effects, should be avoided.

In the case of the release-delaying formulations of oral pharmaceutical forms, the influence of the gastric juice and of the intestinal juices, in particular the ionic strength and the environmental pH, is substantially to be taken into consideration in a manner known per se. A problem exists in that the ideal ratios assumed here for the release of active compound can be altered by the general living habits, thoughtlessness or by addictive behaviour of the patients with respect to the use of ethanol or ethanol-containing drinks. In these cases, the pharmaceutical form which is actually designed for an exclusively aqueous medium is additionally exposed to an ethanol containing medium of greater or lesser strength.

On account of the dissolution of oral delayed-release pharmaceutical forms in alcoholic drinks or simultaneous or overlapping taking thereof with alcoholic drinks, an undesired or even critical acceleration or slowing of the release of active compound can occur. In most cases the presence of ethanol leads to an acceleration of release of the ingredient. So acceleration is the major problem, while slowing is usually less critical. An acceleration or an addition of more than 30% of the release of the pharmaceutical active ingredient absolutely to the release in % without the presence of 40% ethanol must be considered critically.

Since not all patients are aware of the risk of simultaneous taking of a controlled release pharmaceutical form and ethanol-containing drinks or do not follow or are not able to follow appropriate warnings, advice or recommendations, the object is to design oral delayed-release pharmaceutical forms such that their mode of action is affected as little as possible by the presence of ethanol.

The purpose of the present invention is expressively not to stimulate, to promote or to make possible the taking of ethanol-containing drinks together with delayed-release pharmaceutical forms, but to alleviate or to avoid the possibly fatal consequences of intentional or inadvertent misuse or abuse.

OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

Because of the not predictability of in-vivo effects, the present invention is based on in-vitro conditions as objectively comprehensible bases of measurement. As a sharp test condition in-vitro conditions according to USP Method 1 (basket), 100 rpm buffered at pH 6.8 (European Pharmacopoeia (EP)) in a medium with and without the addition to 40% (v/v) ethanol may be chosen.

One object of the invention is solved way when the controlled release pharmaceutical composition fulfils the following conditions:

-   -   under conditions according to USP Method 1 (basket), 100 rpm         buffered at pH 1.2 for the first two hours or pH 6.8 (European         Pharmacopoeia) for the remaining time respectively where the         pharmaceutical active ingredient is released to a degree of less         than 20% without the addition of 40% (v/v) ethanol, the         difference in the release rate with the addition of 40% (v/v)         ethanol shall not be more than plus or minus 15% of the         corresponding release value without 40% (v/v) ethanol. For         example under conditions where the pharmaceutical active         ingredient is released to a degree of 18% without the addition         of 40% (v/v) ethanol, the release rate with the addition of 40%         (v/v) ethanol shall not differ to more than plus or minus 15% of         the release value without 40% (v/v) ethanol, which means that it         may be in the range from 3 to 33%.     -   under conditions according to USP Method 1 (basket), 100 rpm         buffered at pH 1.2 for the first two hours or pH 6.8 (European         Pharmacopoeia) for the remaining time respectively where the         pharmaceutical active ingredient is released to a degree of         20-80% without the addition of 40% (v/v) ethanol, the difference         in the release rate with the addition of 40% (v/v) ethanol shall         not be more than plus or minus 30% of the corresponding release         value without 40% (v/v) ethanol. For example under conditions         where the pharmaceutical active ingredient is released to a         degree of 50% without the addition of 40% (v/v) ethanol, the         release rate with the addition of 40% (v/v) ethanol shall not         differ to more than plus or minus 30% of the release value         without 40% (v/v) ethanol, which means that it may be in the         range from 20 to 80%.

A controlled release pharmaceutical composition which fulfils this condition can be considered to be resistant against critically accelerated release of the active compound by thoughtlessness or by addictive behaviour of the patients with respect to the use of ethanol or ethanol-containing drinks.

This situation relates essentially to the simultaneous or subsequent consumption of an alcoholic drink together with the taking of the controlled release pharmaceutical form, such that the pharmaceutical form is exposed to a strong ethanol-containing medium in the stomach or intestine.

One object of the present invention is provide a pharmaceutical composition for non-opioids which is resistant against the influence of ethanol.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a controlled release pharmaceutical composition which is resistant against the influence of ethanol and also resistant against gastric uses without the need to add an special enteric coating like a coating with enteric film forming polymers with high amounts of anionic groups like for instance the EUDRAGIT® S or EUDRAGIT® L or EUDRAGIT® L100-55.

This is achieved by a controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention, characterized in that the active ingredient is released to a degree of 10% or less in simulated gastric fluid pH 1.2 with or without the addition of 40% ethanol (v/v) within 2 hours.

Another object is the storage stability of the pharmaceutical composition which should be further improved to be in the range of 60-100 expressed as f₂-value (storage stability=good).

Measurement Methods

The measurement of the percentage amount of active compound released can be carried out, for example, by on-line UV spectroscopy at a wavelength suitable for the respective active compound. HPLC determination is also possible. The methodology is familiar to a person skilled in the art.

The release of active compound can be determined according to USP, in particular USP 28-NF23, General Chapter <711>, Dissolution, Apparatus 2 (basket), Method <724> “Delayed Release (Enteric Coated) Articles-General General Drug Release Standard” correct citation needed!, Method B (100 rpm, 37° C.), type I basket, with the following modification: The pharmaceutical forms are tested at pH 1.2 for the first 2 hours using 0.1 N HCl medium or at pH 6.8 using a phosphate buffer (European Pharmacopoeia (EP)) for the remaining time, which corresponds to an artificial intestinal medium. The measurement in the ethanol containing aqueous medium is carried out using the appropriate amount of 30 or preferably 40% ethanol (v/v) in the medium.

Storage Stability

In general, drug substances should be evaluated under storage conditions (with appropriate tolerances) that test thermal stability and, if applicable, its sensitivity to moisture (ICH Guideline Q1A (R2), 6 Feb. 2003).

Accelerated conditions for drug substances: 40° C.+/−2° C., 75% RH (relative humidity) +/−5% RH, closed containers, period of 6 months. Storage stability may be expressed by the so called similarity factor f₂ or f₂-value. The similarity factor f₂ is inversely proportional to the average squared distance between the two release profiles before and after storage. During the last decade f₂ calculation has become a recommended method in several FDA guidances for Industry. The calculation process is known to the skilled person. An f₂-value of 100 means that there is no deviation in the average squared distance between the two release profiles before and after storage.

The storage stability is considered to be acceptable, when the deviation of the release profile before and after storage is expressed by a similarity f₂-value of 50 or more but less than 60. The storage stability is considered to be good, when the deviation of the release profile before and after storage is expressed by an f₂-value of 60 to 100. Storage stability testing is well known to a person skilled in the art.

DETAILS OF THE INVENTION

The Invention is Concerned With

A pH-dependent controlled release pharmaceutical composition, comprising

-   -   a core, comprising at least one pharmaceutical active         ingredient, with the exception of opioids, wherein the core is         coated at least by one coating layer, controlling the release of         the pharmaceutical composition,     -   wherein the coating layer comprises a polymer mixture of         -   i) 40-95, preferably 60-95, most preferably 70-90% by weight             of at least one water insoluble essentially neutral vinyl             polymer or copolymer, based on dry weight of the polymer             mixture and         -   ii) 5-60, preferably 5-40, most preferably 10-30% by weight,             based on dry weight of the polymer mixture, of at least one             anionic polymer or copolymer, which is insoluble in a             buffered medium below pH 4.0 and soluble at least in the             range from pH 7.0 to pH 8.0.         -   characterized in that     -   the coating layer further comprises, essentially contains or         contains 110 to 250, preferably 140-220% by weight of a         non-porous inert lubricant 1 to 35% by weight, preferably 2-30%         by weight, most preferred 5-25% by weight of at least one         neutral cellulosic compound and 1 to 25% by weight, preferably         5-20% by weight, most preferred 5-15% by weight of at least one         emulsifier each calculated on the dry weight of the polymer         mixture.         The Core

In a manner known per se, active ingredient-containing cores or pellet cores form the basis for the coatings of vinyl (co)polymers. Pelletizing can be carried out on active ingredient-free spheres (nonpareills) or core-free pellets, pellet cores, can be produced. First, a rounded, active ingredient-containing substrate with or without a core is produced. By means of a fluidized bed process, liquid can be applied to placebo pellets or other suitable carrier materials, the solvent or suspending agent being evaporated. According to the preparation process, a drying step can be added. The spraying step and subsequently drying may be repeated several times until the intended amount of pharmaceutical active ingredient is fully applied.

The active ingredient is as a rule brought into an organic solvent or into water and mixed. In order to guarantee the satisfactory sprayability of the mixture, it is usually necessary to formulate a mixture with relatively low viscosity. The addition of a detergent, e.g. Tween, in concentrations of 0.1 to 20, preferably 0.5 to 10% by weight, can be advantageous for the reduction of the surface tension.

In addition to the active ingredient, they can contain further pharmaceutical excipients: binders, such as cellulose and its derivatives, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), moisture retention agents, disintegration promoters, s, disintegrants, (meth)acrylates, starch and its derivatives, sugar solubilizers or others.

Appropriate application processes are known, for example, from Bauer, Lehmann, Osterwald, Rothgang “Überzogene Arzneiformen” [Coated Pharmaceutical Forms] Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Stuttgart, Chap. 7, pp. 165-196.

Details are furthermore known to the person skilled in the art from textbooks. See, for example:

Voigt, R. (1984): Lehrbuch der pharmazeutischen Technologie [Textbook of Pharmaceutical Technology]; Verlag Chemie Weinheim—Deerfield Beach, Fla.—Basle.

Sucker, H., Fuchs, P., Speiser, P.: Pharmazeutische Technologie [Pharmaceutical Technology], George Thieme Verlag Stuttgart (1991), in particular chapters 15 and 16, pp. 626 -642.

Gennaro, A., R. (Editor), Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. (1985), Chapter 88, pp. 1567-1573.

List, P. H. (1982): Arzneiformenlehre [Pharmaceutical Form Theory], Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart.

Pellet cores can be rounded by processes such as rotor agglomeration, precipitation or spray processes, in particular ultrasonic vortex spray processes, to give still uncoated cores or pellet cores of defined size, e.g. 50 to 2500 μm. This has the advantage that the entire core volume is available for active ingredient loading. The active ingredient loading can thereby again be increased in relation to the embodiment having an inert core.

A process of direct compaction may be used to produce cores for mintablets.

Besides the pharmaceutical active ingredient, the core may comprise further pharmaceutical excipients: binders such as cellulose and derivatives thereof, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP), humectants, disintegration promoters, s, disintegrants, starch and derivatives thereof, sugar solubilizers or others.

Coating Layer Controlling the Release of the Pharmaceutical Composition

The core is coated at least by one, preferably by one or more preferably by only one coating layer, controlling the release of the pharmaceutical composition. The coating layer conveys the effect of resistance of the release profile against ethanol containing aqueous media. The coating layer, controlling the release of the pharmaceutical composition may also be called an outer coating layer because it surrounds the core.

The (outer) coating layer controls the release of the pharmaceutical composition. The coating layer conveys the effect the resistance of the release profile against ethanol containing aqueous media.

In case of incompatibilities between ingredients of the core and ingredients of the coating an insulating sub coat may be applied between the core and the (outer) coating layer.

The coating layer, controlling the release of the pharmaceutical composition, may be further covered with a non-functional, preferably water soluble top coat that has essentially no influence on the release characteristics.

After preparation of the active ingredient-containing cores or pellet cores, these are provided in spray processes with the coating layer, such that coated cores or coated pellets respectively are obtained. The coating is prepared by means of spray application from organic solution, or preferably from aqueous dispersions. For implementation, it is crucial here that uniform, pore-free coatings result. As a rule, the coated pellets are additionally subsequently dried for a few minutes after the spray application before the conditioning process is begun. As a rule, the polymer coatings contain pharmaceutically customary excipients such as, for example, release agents or plasticizers.

The coating layer, controlling the release of the pharmaceutical composition, is present in an amount of at least 10% by weight calculated on the weight of core. The coating is preferably present in an amount of 20-200, preferably 30-100 more preferably 40-80% by weight, calculated on the weight of core.

The amount of the coating may correspond to an average thickness of the coating layer in range of about 20-200, preferably in the range of 50-150 μm.

Coated Pellets

The controlled release pharmaceutical composition may preferably be present in the form of coated pellets, minitablets or tablets with an overall average diameter from 100-5000 μm, preferably 100 to 2000, most preferably 300 to 1000μm.

The controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to the invention may be present in the form of coated pellets with an overall average diameter in the range between 100 to 700 μm, preferably above 200 μm or above 500 μm or in the range between 250 and 400 μm.

The controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to the invention may be present in the form of minitablets or tablets with an overall average diameter in the range between 1400 to 5000 μm, preferably 1500 to 4000, most preferably 1800 to 3500 μm.

When the coated pellets have an overall average diameter in the range between 100 to 700 μm, preferably above 200 μm or above 500 μm or in the range between 250 and 400 μm the coating layer should be present in an amount of at least 100% by weight calculated on the weight of core.

When the coated pellets have an overall average diameter in the range between 1400 to 5000 μm, preferably above 2000 μm or above 2500 μm or in the range between 2500 and 3500 μm the coating layer should be present in an amount of at least 30% by weight calculated on the weight of core.

Mini Tablets

The controlled release pharmaceutical composition may preferably be present in the form of coated mini tablets, where the mini tablets have an average diameter from 1 to 5 mm.

Tablets

By the achievements of the present invention it possible to provide tablets, for instance in a size from 1 up to 50 mm, with a gastric resistant and ethanol resistant coating. This is of advantage for active ingredients supplied in tablet format which are either harmful to the gastric mucosa or which are instable in the gastric fluids.

Water Insoluble Essentially Neutral Vinyl Polymers or Copolymers

Water-insoluble essentially neutral vinyl polymers or copolymers are understood to mean those polymers or copolymers which are water-insoluble over the entire pH range of 1 to 14 and only swellable in water.

A Vinyl polymer originates from the polymerization of monomers with vinyl groups such like (meth)acrylic monomers.

Essentially neutral is meant in the sense in that the polymers, if at all, may contain only small amounts of ionic groups. Even if small amounts of ionic groups are present the physical-chemical behaviour of such polymers is almost the same as the physical-chemical of polymers without any ionic groups. Essentially neutral is especially meant in the sense in that the polymers contain less than 5, less than 4, less than 3, less than 2 or less than 1% by weight of monomer residues with anionic or cationic side groups. Preferably the water-insoluble neutral vinyl polymers or copolymers do not contain any cationic groups. Most preferably the water-insoluble essentially neutral vinyl polymers or copolymers do not contain any ionic groups at all and thus are neutral water-insoluble vinyl polymers (100% neutral).

Especially water insoluble (meth)acrylic polymers composed of 5 or 10% by weight of monomer residues containing cationic quaternary ammonium groups, e. g. of the type EUDRAGIT® RS or EUDRAGIT® RL, are not suitable for the purposes of the present invention since the resulting pharmaceutical compositions are not sufficiently resistant against the influence of 40% ethanol.

In general, only one or one type of water-insoluble essentially neutral vinyl polymer or copolymer is present in the pharmaceutical composition. However, it is also possible, if appropriate, for two or more water-insoluble polymers or copolymers or types of such polymers or copolymers to be present alongside one another or in a mixture.

Water Insoluble Polymers of the Type of Poly Vinyl Actetate

Suitable water insoluble polymers are of the type of polyvinyl acetate polymers or copolymers derived thereof.

Examples of water insoluble poly vinyl acetate type polymers or copolymers are polyvinyl acetate (PVAc, Kollicoat), vinylacetate-vinylpyrrolidon-copolymer (Kollidon® VA64).

Water Insoluble (Meth)Acrylic Copolymers

Among the Water insoluble (meth)acrylic copolymers neutral or essentially neutral methacrylate copolymers are suitable for purposes of the present invention.

Neutral (Meth)Acrylate Copolymers (EUDRAGIT® NE Type)

Neutral or essentially neutral methacrylate copolymers consist at least to an extent of more than 95% by weight, in particular to an extent of at least 98% by weight, preferably to an extent of at least 99% by weight, in particular to an extent of at least 99% by weight, more preferably to an extent of 100% by weight, of (meth)acrylate monomers with neutral radicals, especially C₁- to C₄-alkyl radicals.

Suitable (meth)acrylate monomers with neutral radicals are, for example, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate. Preference is given to methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate and methyl acrylate.

Methacrylate monomers with anionic radicals, for example acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid, may be present in small amounts of less than 5% by weight, preferably not more than 2% by weight, more preferably not more than 1 or 0.05 to 1% by weight.

Suitable examples are neutral or virtually neutral (meth)acrylate copolymers composed of 20 to 40% by weight of ethyl acrylate, 60 to 80% by weight of methyl methacrylate and 0 to less than 5% by weight, preferably 0 to 2 or 0.05 to 1% by weight of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid (EUDRAGIT® NE).

EUDRAGIT® NE and Eudragit® NM are copolymers composed of free-radically polymerized units of 30% by weight of ethyl acrylate and 70% by weight of methyl methacrylate.

A suitable water insoluble polymer is a copolymer composed of free-radical polymerized units of more than 95 up to 100% by weight C₁- to C₄-alkyl esters of acrylic or of methacrylic acid and less than 5% by weight of acrylic or methacrylic acid.

Water Soluble Anionic Polymers

A water soluble anionic polymer in the sense of the present invention is a polymer which is insoluble below pH 5.0 and soluble at least in the range from pH 7.0 to pH 8.0, preferably in the range from pH 6.0 to 8.0, most preferably soluble in the range from 5.5 to 8.0 in a suitable buffered medium, preferably a buffered medium according to USP or European Pharmacopoeia standards. Most of the polymers which are soluble in the range from pH 7.0 to pH 8.0 in a suitable buffered aqueous medium are not soluble in pure water or demineralised water.

Water Soluble Anionic Cellulose Derivatives

Anionic cellulose derivates are based on a natural cellulose chain and chemically modified with anionic compounds. The polymer may by partially or totally neutralized, preferably with alkali ions. Examples of anionic cellulose derivatives are cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose phthalate (HPMCP), carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) or cellulose acetate succinate (CAS).

Water Soluble Anionic (Meth)Acrylate Copolymers

A suitable water soluble anionic (meth)acrylate copolymer is composed of free-radical polymerized units of 25 to 95, preferably 40 to 95, in particular 60 to 40, % by weight free-radical polymerized C₁- to C₄-alkyl esters of acrylic or of methacrylic acid and 75 to 5, preferably 60 to 5, in particular 40 to 60, % by weight (meth)acrylate monomers having an anionic group.

The proportions mentioned normally add up to 100% by weight. However it is also possible in addition, without this leading to an impairment or alteration of the essential properties of the invention, for small amounts in the region of up to 10 or 0 to 10, for example 1 to 5, % by weight of further monomers capable of vinylic copolymerization, such as, for example, hydroxyethyl methacrylate or hydroxyethyl acrylate, to be present. However, it is preferred that no further monomers capable of vinylic copolymerization are present. It is generally preferred that no further monomers except from those explicitly mentioned are present in the water soluble anionic (meth)acrylate copolymers.

C₁- to C₄-alkyl esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid are in particular methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate and butyl acrylate.

A (meth)acrylate monomer having an anionic group is, for example, acrylic acid, with preference for methacrylic acid.

Suitable anionic (meth)acrylate copolymers are those composed of 40 to 60% by weight methacrylic acid and 60 to 40% by weight methyl methacrylate or 60 to 40% by weight ethyl acrylate (EUDRAGIT® L or EUDRAGIT® L 100-55 types).

EUDRAGIT® L is a copolymer of 50% by weight methyl methacrylate and 50% by weight methacrylic acid. The pH of the start of the specific active ingredient release in intestinal juice or simulated intestinal fluid can be stated to be pH 6.0.

EUDRAGIT® L 100-55 is a copolymer of 50% by weight ethyl acrylate and 50% by weight methacrylic acid. EUDRAGIT® L 30 D-55 is a dispersion comprising 30% by weight EUDRAGIT® L 100-55. The pH of the start of the specific active ingredient release in intestinal juice or simulated intestinal fluid can be stated to be pH 5.5.

Likewise suitable are anionic (meth)acrylate copolymers composed of 20 to 40% by weight methacrylic acid and 80 to 60% by weight methyl methacrylate (EUDRAGIT® S type). The pH of the start of the specific active ingredient release in intestinal juice or simulated intestinal fluid can be stated to be pH 7.0.

Suitable (meth)acrylate copolymers are those consisting of 10 to 30% by weight methyl methacrylate, 50 to 70% by weight methyl acrylate and 5 to 15% by weight methacrylic acid (EUDRAGIT® FS type). The pH at the start of the specific active ingredient release in intestinal juice or simulated intestinal fluid can be stated to be pH 7.0.

EUDRAGIT® FS is a copolymer polymerized out of 25% by weight methyl methacrylate, 65% by weight methyl acrylate and 10% by weight methacrylic acid. EUDRAGIT® FS 30 D is a dispersion comprising 30% by weight EUDRAGIT® FS.

Additionally suitable is a copolymer composed of

-   -   20 to 34% by weight methacrylic acid and/or acrylic acid,     -   20 to 69% by weight methyl acrylate and     -   0 to 40% by weight ethyl acrylate and/or where appropriate     -   0 to 10% by weight further monomers capable of vinylic         copolymerization,

with the proviso that the glass transition temperature of the copolymer according to ISO 11357-2, subsection 3.3.3, is not more than 60° C. This (meth)acrylate copolymer is particularly suitable, because of its good elongation at break properties, for compressing pellets to tablets.

Additionally suitable is a copolymer composed of

-   -   20 to 33% by weight methacrylic acid and/or acrylic acid,     -   5 to 30% by weight methyl acrylate and     -   20 to 40% by weight ethyl acrylate and     -   more than 10 to 30% by weight butyl methacrylate and where         appropriate     -   0 to 10% by weight further monomers capable of vinylic         copolymerization,     -   where the proportions of the monomers add up to 100% by weight,

with the proviso that the glass transition temperature of the copolymer according to ISO 11357-2, subsection 3.3.3 (midpoint temperature T_(mg)), is 55 to 70° C. Copolymers of this type are particularly suitable, because of its good mechanical properties, for compressing pellets to tablets.

The abovementioned copolymer is composed in particular of free-radical polymerized units of

-   -   20 to 33, preferably 25 to 32, particularly preferably 28 to 31%         by weight methacrylic acid or acrylic acid, with preference for         methacrylic acid,     -   5 to 30, preferably 10 to 28, particularly preferably 15 to 25%         by weight methyl acrylate,     -   20 to 40, preferably 25 to 35, particularly preferably 18 to 22%         by weight ethyl acrylate, and     -   more than 10 to 30, preferably 15 to 25, particularly preferably         18 to 22% by weight butyl methacrylate,

where the monomer composition is chosen, so that the glass transition temperature of the copolymer is from 55 to 70° C., preferably 59 to 66, particularly preferably 60 to 65° C.

Glass transition temperature means in this connection in particular the midpoint temperature T_(mg) according to ISO 11357-2, subsection 3.3.3. Measurement takes place without added plasticizer, with residual monomer contents (REMO) of less than 100 ppm, with a heating rate of 10° C./min and under a nitrogen atmosphere.

The copolymer preferably consists essentially to exclusively of 90, 95 or 99 to 100% by weight of the monomers methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate and butyl methacrylate in the ranges of amounts indicated above.

However, it is possible, without this necessarily leading to an impairment of the essential properties, for small amounts in the range from 0 to 10, e.g. 1 to 5% by weight of further monomers capable of vinylic copolymerization additionally to be present, such as, for example, methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, vinylpyrrolidone, vinylmalonic acid, styrene, vinyl alcohol, vinyl acetate and/or derivatives thereof.

Preparation of Anionic (Meth)Acrylate Copolymers

The anionic (meth)acrylate copolymers can be prepared in a manner known per se by free-radical polymerization of the monomers (see, for example, EP 0 704 207 A2 and EP 0 704 208 A2). The copolymer according to the invention can be prepared in a manner known per se by free-radical emulsion polymerization in aqueous phase in the presence of, preferably, anionic emulsifiers, for example by the process described in DE-C 2 135 073.

The copolymer can be prepared by conventional processes of free-radical polymerization continuously or discontinuously (batch processes) in the presence of free-radical forming initiators and, where appropriate, regulators to adjust the molecular weight undiluted, in solution, by bead polymerization or in emulsion. The average molecular weight Mw (weight average, determined for example by measuring the solution viscosity) may be for example in the range from 80 000 to 1 000 000 (g/mol).

Emulsion polymerization in aqueous phase in the presence of water-soluble initiators and (preferably anionic) emulsifiers is preferred.

In the case of bulk polymerization, the copolymer can be obtained in solid form by crushing, extrusion, granulation or hot cut.

The (meth)acrylate copolymers are obtained in a manner known per se by free-radical bulk, solution, bead or emulsion polymerization. They must be brought before processing to the particle size range of the invention by suitable grinding, drying or spraying processes. This can take place by simple crushing of extruded and cooled pellets or hot cut.

The use of powders may be advantageous especially on mixture with other powders or liquids. Suitable apparatuses for producing powders are familiar to the skilled person, e.g. air jet mills, pinned disc mills, compartment mills. It is possible where appropriate to include appropriate sieving steps. A suitable mill for industrial large quantities is, for example, an opposed jet mill (Multi No. 4200) operated with a gauge pressure of about 6 bar.

Partial Neutralization

The anionic polymers may be partially or fully neutralized by bases. Bases suitable are those expressly mentioned in EP 0 088 951 A2 or WO 2004/096185 or derivable there from. In particular: sodium hydroxide solution, potassium hydroxide solution (KOH), ammonium hydroxide or organic bases such as, for example, triethanolamine, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, trisodium phosphate, trisodium citrate or ammonia or physiologically tolerated amines such as triethanolamine or tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane. Further suitable cationic, organic bases are basic amino acids histidine, arginine and/or lysine.

Multiparticulate Pharmaceutical Forms

The controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to the invention may have the form of pellets, which are contained in a multiparticulate pharmaceutical form, for instance in the form of a compressed tablet, capsules, sachets, effervescent tablets or reconstitutable powders.

Top Coat and Sub Coats

The controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to the invention may be further coated with a sub coat and/or a top coat.

A sub coat may be located between the core and the coating layer controlling the release of the pharmaceutical active substance (controlling layer). A sub coat may have the function to separate substances of the core from substances of the controlling layer which may be incompatible with each other. The sub coat has essentially no influence on the release characteristics. A sub coat is preferably essentially water-soluble, for instance it may consist of substances like hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) as a film former. The average thickness of the sub coat layer is very thin, for example not more than 15 μm, preferably not more than 10 μm.

A top coat is also preferably essentially water soluble. A top coat may have the function of colouring the pharmaceutical form or protecting from environmental influences for instance from moisture during storage. The top coat may consist out of a binder, for instance a water soluble polymer like a polysaccharide or HPMC, or a sugar compound like saccharose. The top coat may further contain pharmaceutical excipients like pigments or lubricants in small amounts. The topcoat has essentially no influence on the release characteristics.

The expressions sub coat and top coat is well known to the person skilled in the art.

Process for Producing a Pharmaceutical Form According to the Invention

The controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to the invention may be produced in a manner known per se by pharmaceutically customary processes such as direct compression, compression of dry, wet or sintered granules and subsequent rounding off, wet or dry granulation or direct pelleting or by binding powders (powder layering) onto active ingredient-free beads or neutral cores (nonpareilles) or active ingredient-containing particles and by applying the polymer coating in a spray process or by fluidized bed granulation.

Excipients/Customary Additives

The core may further contain, beside the pharmaceutical active ingredient, excipients or customary additives respectively in a manner known to the person skilled in the art. The further excipients are not critical for the invention.

The coating layer may also, beside the polymer mixture, the non-porous inert lubricant, the neutral cellulosic compound and the emulsifier as essential ingredients, further contain excipients or customary additives respectively in a manner known to the person skilled in the art. However if excipients are contained in the coating layer they are always different from the essential ingredients, which are the polymers of polymer mixture, the non-porous inert lubricant, the neutral cellulosic compound and the emulsifier. In contrast the essential ingredients, which are the polymers of polymer mixture, the non-porous inert lubricant, the neutral cellulosic compound and the emulsifier, the further excipients are not critical for the invention. The further excipients do not contribute to the beneficial inventive effects. Preferably the amount of further excipients in the coating layer is less than 5% by weight, more preferably less than 2% by weight calculated on the dry weight of the total coating layer. Most preferably there are no further excipients in the coating layer.

Excipients customary in pharmacy, occasionally also referred to as customary additives, are added to the formulation of the invention, preferably during production of the granules or powders. It is, of course, always necessary for all the excipients or customary additives employed to be toxicologically acceptable and usable in particular in medicaments without a risk for patients.

The amounts employed and the use of excipients customary in pharmacy for medicament coatings or layerings are familiar to the skilled worker. Examples of possible excipients or additives customary in pharmacy are release agents, pigments, stabilizers, antioxidants, pore formers, penetration promoters, gloss agents, aromatizing substances or flavourings. They serve as processing aids and are intended to ensure a reliable and reproducible production process and good long-term storage stability or they achieve additional advantageous properties in the pharmaceutical form. They are added to the polymer preparations before processing and may influence the permeability of the coatings, it being possible to utilize this where appropriate as additional control parameter.

Pigments:

As already stated pigments may be used in the coating layer in the function as non-porous inert lubricants to promote resistance against the influence of ethanol. If pigments are additionally added as excipients which do not contribute to the invention they may be added to a top coat onto the coating layer to give some coloring. The pigments to be used in the function as non-porous inert lubricants in the coating layer or as excipients which do not contribute to the invention are generally of course non-toxic and suitable for pharmaceutical purposes. Concerning this, see also, for example: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Farbstoffe für Lebensmittel, Harald, Boldt Verlag KG, Boppard (1978); Deutsche Lebensmittelrundschau 74, No. 4, p. 156 (1978); Arzneimittelfarbstoffverordnung AmFarbV of 25.08.1980.

Examples of pigments are orange yellow, cochineal red lake, coloured pigments based on alumina or azo dyes, sulphonic acid dyes, orange yellow S (E110, C.I. 15985, FD&C Yellow 6), indigo carmine (E132, C.I. 73015, FD&C Blue 2), tartrazine (E 102, C.I. 19140, FD&C Yellow 5), Ponceau 4R (E 125, C.I. 16255, FD&C Cochineal Red A), quinoline yellow (E 104, C.I. 47005, FD&C Yellow 10), erythrosine (E127, C.I. 45430, FD&C Red 3), azorubine (E 122, C.I. 14720, FD&C Carmoisine), amaranth (E 123, C.I. 16185, FD&C Red 2), acid brilliant green (E 142, C.I. 44090, FD&C Green S).

The E numbers indicated for the pigments relate to an EU numbering. Concerning this, see also “Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Farbstoffe für Lebensmittel, Harald Boldt Verlag KG, Boppard (1978); Deutsche Lebensmittelrundschau 74, No. 4, p. 156 (1978); Arzneimittelfarbstoffverordnung AmFarbV of 25.08.1980. The FD&C numbers relate to the approval in food, drugs and cosmetics by the U.S. food and drug administration (FDA) described in: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Cosmetics and Colors: Code of Federal Regulations—Title 21 Color Additive Regulations Part 82, Listing of Certified Provisionally Listed Colors and Specifications (CFR 21 Part 82).

Plasticizers

Further additives may also be plasticizers. Plasticizers may be favourably added to the coating layer. The usual amounts are between 0 and 50, preferably 5 to 20, % by weight based for example on the (meth)acrylate copolymer of the layer coating layer. Preferably there are no plasticizers added to the coating layer.

Plasticizers may influence the functionality of the polymer layer, depending on the type (lipophilic or hydrophilic) and added amount. Plasticizers achieve through physical interaction with the polymers a reduction in the glass transition temperature and promote film formation, depending on the added amount. Suitable substances usually have a molecular weight of between 100 and 20 000 and comprise one or more hydrophilic groups in the molecule, e.g. hydroxyl, ester or amino groups.

Examples of suitable plasticizers are alkyl citrates, glycerol esters, alkyl phthalates, alkyl sebacates, sucrose esters, sorbitan esters, diethyl sebacate, dibutyl sebacate and polyethylene glycols 200 to 12 000. Preferred plasticizers are triethyl citrate (TEC), acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC) and dibutyl sebacate (DBS). Mention should additionally be made of esters which are usually liquid at room temperature, such as citrates, phthalates, sebacates or castor oil. Esters of citric acid and sebacinic acid are preferably used.

Addition of the plasticizers to the formulation can be carried out in a known manner, directly, in aqueous solution or after thermal pre-treatment of the mixture. It is also possible to employ mixtures of plasticizers.

Addition of a Neutral Cellulosic Compound in the Coating

The coating layer further contains 1 to 35% by weight, preferably 2-30% by weight, most preferred 5-25% by weight, calculated on dry weight of the polymer mixture (compounds i) and ii)), of at least one neutral cellulosic compound. The neutral cellulosic compound is a neural derivative of cellulose and may be preferably an ethyl ether or a methyl ether of cellulose. Most preferred the neutral cellulosic compounds are hydroxyethyl cellulose or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC).

Addition of Emulsifiers in the Coating

The inventors have found that the addition of one or more emulsifiers in the coating seems to improve the resistance of the pharmaceutical composition indirectly. It is supposed that the presence of a detergent in the spraying suspension promotes the film forming process to become more complete. A more complete film seems to be more resistant against the influence of ethanol than a film which was formed without the presence of a certain amount of an emulsifier in the coating. A film which was formed without the presence of certain amounts of an emulsifier in the coating is supposed to be a little more porous than a film which was formed in the presence of the emulsifier. Therefore the action of an emulsifier in the film forming process although not really understood may be similar but not identical to the effect of curing processes applied to coated pellets. It is further surprising that there seems to no negative influence or changes of the release profile itself neither when ethanol is present in the medium or not.

The controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may further therefore contain 2 to 20% by weight, preferably 5 to 15% by weight, calculated on dry weight of the polymer mixture (compounds i) and ii)), of at least one emulsifier, preferably a nonionic emulsifier.

Preferably the emulsifier is a polyoxyethylene derivative of a sorbitan ester.

Most preferred the detergent is polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (polyethylene glycol sobitan monooleate, CAS registry number 9005-65-6, for instance Tween® 80).

Improved Storage Stability

Surprisingly there is no influence on the storage stability when either the cellulosic compound or the emulsifier is used alone in the pharmaceutical composition. In this case the storage stability remains acceptable, which means there is still room for improvement. However when the cellulosic compound and the emulsifier are used together the storage stability becomes much better and can be called excellent.

Use

The pH-dependent controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to the invention may be used to reduce the risk of enhanced release of the included pharmaceutical active ingredient after oral ingestion by simultaneous or subsequent consumption of ethanol containing drinks (misuse).

EXAMPLES Methods

Model Drug

Studies are conducted using metoprolol, as a model drug.

Dissolution Studies

Coated pellets are tested according to

USP 28-NF23, General Chapter <711>, Dissolution, for the first two hours in simulated gastric fluid pH 1.2 and then in buffered medium at pH 6.8.

Dissolution Parameters:

Apparatus: USP Type-I (Basket)

RPM: 100/min.

Temperature: 37.5±0.5° C.

Dissolution volume: 500 ml.

Withdrawal volume: 5 ml withdrawn manually using pipette, without replenishment of the medium.

Mode of detection: HPLC

Dissolution Medium 1:

Simulated gastric fluid pH 1.2 (European Pharmacopoeia=EP)

Dissolution Medium 2:

Simulated gastric fluid pH 1.2 (European Pharmacopoeia=EP) with 40% (v/v) ethanol

Dissolution Medium 3:

Phosphate buffered saline pH 6.8 (European Pharmacopoeia=EP)

Dissolution Medium 4:

Phosphate buffered saline pH 6.8, EP with 40% v/v ethanol—0.9 g of KH₂PO₄, 1.8 g of K₂HPO₄, 7.65 g of NaCl with 540 ml D.M. water and 360 ml of alcohol.

Copolymers

EUDRAGIT® NE is a copolymer composed of free-radically polymerized units of 30% by weight of ethyl acrylate and 70% by weight of methyl methacrylate.

EUDRAGIT® FS is a copolymer composed of free-radically polymerized units of 25% by weight methyl methacrylate, 65% by weight methyl acrylate and 10% by weight methacrylic acid.

Formulation Details

Cores (sugar sphere, non-pareilles) of 1700-2000 microns are loaded with metoprolol in a fluidised bed processor using bottom spray. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (Kollidon® K25) is used as a binder. 900 g of non-pareilles cores are coated with 270 g metoprolol bound in 80 g binder (Kollidon® K25).

Coating Suspension Preparation:

EUDRAGIT® dispersions are mixed in a suitable vessel applying gentle stirring. Lubricants and different polymers are dissolved or dispersed in water applying high shear forces.

The lubricant suspension is poured into the EUDRAGIT® dispersion applying gentle stirring. Stirring is continued through the entire coating process.

Coating Process:

Drug layered pellets are coated with different coating suspensions in a fluidized bed apparatus under appropriate conditions, i. e. a spray rate of approximately 10-20g/min coating suspension per kg cores and a bed temperature of approximately 25-28° C. After coating the pellets are fluidised at 50° C. for one hour in a fluid bed processor. Micronised talc is used as an excipient. The coated pellets are having an average diameter of about 3000 μm.

Storage Stability

The storage stability is considered to be acceptable, when the deviation of the release profile before and after storage is expressed by a similarity f₂-value of 50 or more but less than 60. The storage stability is considered to be good, when the deviation of the release profile before and after storage is expressed by an f₂-value of 60 to 100.

TABLE Examples Example Cl C2 C3 C4 C5 6 7 8 9 10 Coating Polymer mixture EUDRAGIT ®NE/ 85 85 85 100 85 85 85 85 85 85 EUDRAGIT ®FS 15 15 15 — 15 15 15 15 15 15 [wt. %] Talc [wt. %/ 200 100 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 polymer mixture]* HPMC [wt. %/ — — — 20 20 20 20 20 10 10 polymer mixture]* Tween ® 80 [wt. %/ — — 10 10 — 10 10 10 10 10 polymer mixture]* Coating layer/core 130 130 130 130 130 27.2 68 135 13 49.5 [wt. %] Active ingredient release without/with 40% EtOH (v/v) 2 hours (pH 1.2)  5/15 20/55 0/0 0/0 20/40 69.3/62.6 4.7/2.0 0.6/0.6 88.5/80    4.3/11.1 4 hour (pH 6.8) 95.5/93.1 49.3/43.7  7.8/12.1 99.2/99.2 53.2/54.5 6 hours (pH 6.8) 25/50  80/100 10/25 30/70 50/70 100/100 75.7/73.9 21.2/28.3 100/100 80.5/80.0 12 hours (pH 6.8)  80/100 100/100 60/90 80/90  90/100 — 100/100 81.4/79.3 — 99.0/96.5 24 hours (pH 6.8) 100/100 100/100 100/100 100/100 100/100 — 100/100 100/100 — 100/100 Rating Ethanol resistance yes no yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes Gastric resistance yes/no no yes yes/no no no yes yes no yes Storage stability accept- no accept- good accept- good good good good good (40° C./75% r.h., able able able closed), 6 month C1-C5: Comparative examples/Examples 6 to 10 according to the invention EtOH = ethanol/r.h. = relative humidity HMPC = Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A pH-dependent controlled release pharmaceutical composition, comprising: a core comprising at least one pharmaceutically active ingredient, with the exception of opioids, wherein the core is coated by 30 to 200 wt.%, calculated based on the weight of the core, of at least one coating layer controlling the release of the pharmaceutical composition, the at least one coating layer comprises (A) a polymer mixture of i) 40-95% by weight, based on dry weight of the polymer mixture, of at least one water insoluble essentially neutral vinyl polymer or copolymer, and ii) 5-60% by weight, based on dry weight of the polymer mixture, of at least one anionic polymer or copolymer, which is insoluble in a buffered medium below pH 4.0 and soluble at least in the range from pH 7.0 to pH 8.0, (B) 140 to 250% by weight of a non-porous inert lubricant, (C) 1 to 35% by weight of at least one neutral cellulosic compound, and (D) 1 to 25% by weight of at least one emulsifier, and wherein (B), (C), and (D) are each calculated on dry weight of the polymer mixture, and wherein, under in-vitro conditions according to USP paddle, 100 rpm, buffered at pH 6.8 in a medium with and without an addition of 40% (v/v) ethanol, the controlled release pharmaceutical composition has: when the at least one pharmaceutically active ingredient is released to a degree of less than 20% without the addition of 40% (v/v) ethanol, a difference in the release rate with the addition of 40% (v/v) ethanol is not more than plus or minus 15% of a corresponding release value without 40% (v/v) ethanol, and when the at least one pharmaceutically active ingredient is released to a degree of 20-80% without the addition of 40% (v/v) ethanol, the difference in the release rate with the addition of 40% (v/v) ethanol is not more than plus or minus 30% of the corresponding release value without 40% (v/v) ethanol, wherein the at least one water insoluble esssentially neutral vinyl polymer or copolymer is a copolymer comprising at least one free-radical polymerized unit of more than 95 up to 100% by weight of at least one C₁- to C₄-alkyl ester of acrylic or of methacrylic acid, and less than 5% by weight of acrylic or methacrylic acid, and wherein said composition excludes the presence of water insoluble (meth)acrylic polymers composed of 5 or 10% by weight of monomer residues containing cationic quaternary ammonium groups.
 2. The controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the non-porous inert lubricant is talc and the core is coated by 30 to 135 wt.%, calculated based on the weight of the core, of the at least one coating layer.
 3. The controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one anionic polymer is a (meth)acrylate copolymer comprising free-radical polymerized units of 25 to 95% by weight of at least one C₁- to C₄-alkyl ester of acrylic or of methacrylic acid, and 5 to 75% by weight of at least one (meth)acrylate monomer having an anionic group.
 4. The controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 3, wherein the at least one anionic polymer comprises at least one free-radical polymerized unit of 10 to 30% by weight methyl methacrylate, 50 to 70% by weight methyl acrylate, and 5 to 15% by weight methacrylic acid.
 5. The controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one neutral cellulosic compound is hydroxypropylmethylcellulose.
 6. The controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one emulsifier is a nonionic emulsifier.
 7. The controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 6, wherein the at least one emulsifier is polyoxyethylene derivative of a sorbitan ester.
 8. The controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 6, wherein the at least one emulsifier is a polyethoxy sorbitan monooleate.
 9. The controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one pharmaceutically active ingredient is metoprolol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of metoprolol.
 10. The controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the controlled release pharmaceutical composition is in a form selected from the group consisting of a pellet, a compressed tablet, a capsule, a sachet, an effervescent tablet, and a reconstitutable powder.
 11. The controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, comprising at least one of a sub coat and a top coat.
 12. The controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the controlled release pharmaceutical composition is present in a form of at least one coated pellet with an overall average diameter in the range of from 100 to 5000 μm.
 13. The controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 12, wherein the at least one coated pellet has an overall average diameter in the range between 100 to 700 μm.
 14. The controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 12, wherein the at least one coated pellet has an overall average diameter in the range between 1400 to 5000 μm.
 15. The controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, wherein the at least one coating layer is present in an amount of at least 30% by weight relative to a weight of the core.
 16. The controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one pharmaceutically active ingredient is released to a degree of 10% or less in simulated gastric fluid pH 1.2 with or without an addition of 40% ethanol (v/v) within 2 hours.
 17. The controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, which has a storage stability where the deviation of the release profile before and after storage is expressed by an f₂-value of 60 to
 100. 18. The controlled release pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the non-porous inert lubricant is present in an amount of 140 to 220% by weight calculated on dry weight of the polymer mixture.
 19. A composition, comprising a core covered by 49.5 to 135 wt.%, calculated based on the weight of the core, of at least one coating; wherein the core comprises at least one pharmaceutically active ingredient with the exception of opioids; and wherein the at least one coating comprises ingredients (A), (B), (C), and (D) in the following amounts: (A) a polymer mixture of 40 to 95% by dry weight polymer (i) and 5 to 60% by dry weight of polymer (ii), wherein polymer (i) is at least one water insoluble essentially neutral vinyl polymer or copolymer comprising at least one free-radical polymerized unit of 95% to 100% by weight of at least one C₁- to C₄-alkyl ester of acrylic or of methacrylic acid, and less than 5% by weight of acrylic or methacrylic acid, and polymer (ii) is at least one anionic polymer or copolymer, which is insoluble in a buffered medium below pH 4.0 and soluble between pH 7.0 to pH 8.0, (B) 140 to 250% by weight based on the dry weight of (A) of a non-porous inert talc lubricant, (C) 1 to 35% by weight based on the dry weight of (A) of at least one neutral cellulosic compound, and (D) 1 to 25% by weight based on the dry weight of (A) of at least one emulsifier; wherein said composition is resistant to gastric release of the at least one pharmaceutically active ingredient and releases less than 10% after 2 hours at pH 1.2, but releases more than 10% of the at least one pharmaceutically active ingredient after 2 hours at pH 7.4; and wherein release of the at least one pharmaceutically active ingredient from said composition is ethanol resistant as characterized by less than a 15% difference in release profiles at 6.8 pH in alcohol free media and in an equivalent media containing 40% ethanol when less than 20% of the at least one pharmaceutically active ingredient is released or by less than a 30% difference in release profiles at 6.8 pH in alcohol free media and in an equivalent media containing 40% ethanol when 20-80% of the at least one pharmaceutically active ingredient is released; and wherein said composition excludes the presence of water insoluble (meth)acrylic polymers composed of 5 or 10% by weight of monomer residues containing cationic quaternary ammonium groups.
 20. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the non-porous inert lubricant is talc and the core is coated by 40 to 80 wt.%, calculated based on the weight of the core, of the at least one coating layer. 